Public and academic debates and their weaknesses

Main debates and conceptions of inclusion and integration of migrants in the 20th century in Europe: It is important to understand that changes in political and social contexts  → changes in attitudes towards newcomers. 1945-80s Early 90s Late 90s - Political commitment to democracy – Impulse to think inclusively – Concentration on cultural diversity for the [...]

Coexistence of several types of citizenship

T.H. Marshall’s theory on citizenship vs current broader approaches

Thomas H. Marshall’s classic theory on citizenship contrasts with current approaches. Learn more about T.H. Marshall

Social, associational and urban citizenship

Social citizenship Read the definitions of the concepts subnational and supranational. Associational citizenship: Read the definition of civil society. Urban citizenship:

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