Socio-ecological circulation of urban metabolisms: Hybrid natures and Cyborg cities

Read the definitions of some key terms: metabolism, urban metabolism, capitalism.   But further research is needed!     To really understand the role of the state in environmental injustice political economic studies of state restructuring and neo-liberalisation are needed.

Urban political ecology

Urban political ecology (UPE) is a school of critical urban political-environmental research (Heynen et al. 2006b) which complements the view of Environmental Justice: On the basis of the school of urban political ecology there are three main thinkers:   Click here to read references to some urban political ecology monographs. The main ideas of urban political ecology [...]

Late 19th Century antecedents to urban sustainability

In the late 19th century we find the first urban sociological perspectives, which link the discovery of bacteria to social exclusion and inequality. These first urban sociological approaches introduce attemps to re-imagine cities.  

Mid 19th Century antecedents to urban sustainability

Both social authors and natural scientists proposed theories on urban sustainability. Social authors, such as Friedrich Engels (The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1971 [1844]),  showed the following relationships: Natural scientists, such as Jacob Moleschott (1852) and Justus von Liebig (1855), among others also pointed out this relationship: The main concept behind these antecedents [...]