Urban sustainability: the fantasy of socio-ecological urban cohesion

In the late 20th century: Braun 2005 outlines the approaches to urban sustainability: There are loads of literature on urban sustainability. Da Cunha et al. (2005) describes the vast majority of this literature in the following terms: There are some problems with this approach (according to Keil, 2003; Keil, 2005; Swyngedouw, 2007a; Haughton 1999, p.233):

Antecedents to urban sustainability throughout the 20th century

Meanwhile, engineers and urban planners transformed the city: In the late 1960s: McHarg’s (1969). Design with Nature. First guidelines to ‘ecologise’ the city: In the 1970s:

1920s antecedents to urban sustainability

Check some academic references stressing the inevitable interconnection Urbanisation – Nature.

19th and 20th century antecedents to urban sustainability: Engels, Marx, Chicago School and others

The antecedents to theories on urban sustainability can be traced back to four different periods. Click on any of the following links to start: Mid 19th Century: Engels, Marx and others Late 19th Century: first urban sociological perspectives 1920’s: the Chicago School Throughout the 20th century: urban planners, architects and designers